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Input and output operations in c are crucial for interacting with the user and the external environment.
Here are the Functions
The functions which takes input from the user are called Input Functions.
Here are some of the functions<
Function
Purpose
Example
scanf
Read input from standard input with format specifiers
scanf("%d", &num);
getchar
Read a single character from standard input
char ch = getchar();
getch
Read a single character without waiting for Enter
char ch = getch();
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
printf("You entered: %d\n", num);
char ch;
printf("Press a key: ");
ch = getch();
printf("You pressed: %c\n", ch);
char chr;
printf("Enter a character: ");
chr = getchar();
printf("You entered: %c\n", chr);
return 0;
}
The Functions which shows any text to the user are called output functions.
Here are the Output functions used
Function
Purpose
Example
printf
Formatted output to the standard output (console)
printf("Hello World!");
puts
Outputs a string to the standard output
puts("This is a string.");
putchar
Outputs a character to the standard output
putchar('A');
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num = 42;
printf("The number is: %d\n", num);
char str[] = "Hello, C!";
puts(str);
char ch = 'A';
putchar(ch);
return 0;
}
File I/O Functions used to upload, access and modify the files.
Here are the File I/O Functions
Function
Purpose
Example
fopen
Opens a file and returns a file pointer
FILE *file = fopen("example.txt", "w");
fclose
Closes a file
fclose(file);
fread
Reads a block of data from a file
fread(buffer, sizeof(char), 100, file);
fwrite
Writes a block of data to a file
fwrite(data, sizeof(int), 10, file);
fprintf
Formatted output to a file
fprintf(file, "Data: %d\n", data);
fscanf
Reads formatted data from a file
fscanf(file, "%s", str);
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *file = fopen("example.txt", "r");
if (file != NULL) {
char buffer[100];
fscanf(file, "%s", buffer);
printf("Read from file: %s\n", buffer);
fclose(file);
}
return 0;
}
It's used to check the return values of the functions, especially for errors.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
FILE *file = fopen("example.txt", "r");
if (file == NULL) {
perror("Error opening file");
return 1; // Exit with an error code
}
// Continue with file operations
fclose(file);
return 0;
}
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